India's Origin of Science

Indian Scientific reserch and technological developements since independence in 1947 have recieved substantial political support and most of their funding from the govt. Science and technology initiates in India have been important aspects of the govt.'s five year plan and usually are based on fulfilling short-term needs,while aiming to provide the institutional base needed to achieve goals.
As INDIA has striven to develop leading scientist and worl-class research institutions goverment-sponsered scientific & technical developments have aided diverse areas such as Agriculture,Biotechnology,Cold regions reasearch,Communications,Enviroment industry,Mining industry,Nuclear power,space, and Transportations. As a result India has experts scientist in such feilds as Astronomy & Astrophysics, liquid crystals, condensed matter physics, molecular biology, virology, & crystallography. Observes have pointed out,however that India's emphasis on basic and theoretical research rather than on applied and technical applications has diminished the social and economic effects of the goverment's investments. In mid 1990s, govt. funds supported nearly 80% of India's research & developements activities but, as elsewhere in the economic sector, emphasis incersingly being put on independent non-govermental sources of support.
India has a long and proud scintific tradition. Nehru, in his Discovery of India published in 1946, praised the mathematical achievements of Indian scholars, who are said to have developed geometric theorems before Pythagoras did in the sixth century B.C & were using advanced methods of determining the number of mathematical combinations by the century B.C. By the fifth century A.D., Indian mathematicians were using ten numericals and by the seventh century were treting Zero as a number. These breakthrough, Nehru said,"Liberated the human mind..... and threw a flood of light on the behaviour of numbers." The conceptulization on of squares, rectangles, circles, rectangles, triangles, fractions, the ability to express the number ten to the twelfth power, algebric formulas, & astronomy had even more ancient origins in Vedic litreture, some of which was complied was as early as 1500 B.C. The concepts of astronomy, metaphysics, & perennial movements are all emboided in the Riga Veda. AAlthough such abstract concepts were further developed by the ancient Greeks & the Indian numeral system was popularized in the first millennium A.D. by the Arabs(the Arabic word for number, Nehru pointed out, is Hindhsah, meaning"from Hind(India)") their origin are a source of national pride........................